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Benjamin Grosof -- home page
Douglas Drane Assistant Professor in Information Technology, MIT Sloan School of Management
bgrosof@mit.edu; http://ebusiness.mit.edu/bgrosof/home.html; (617)253-8694; Room E53-317, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. (more contact info)
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Creating and Studying Knowledge-based Web Technologies for E-Commerce
Research Projects Overview Project: Rules Knowledge Representation for Semantic Web Services (RulesKR) Project: Business Implications of Semantic Web Services (Biz+SWS) Semantic Web Services Primer, SWSI XML Rules Standards, RuleML, SWRL Groups at Sloan Papers, Talks, Software
Teaching Service Consulting Upcoming Activities Bio Contact Search
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Research Projects Overview:
Rules Knowledge Representation Technologies, esp. for Semantic Web Services
RuleML Logic Programs + Ontologies + Databases
Business Implications of Semantic Web Services, including Applications and Strategy
E-Contracting, Business Policies: ... in B2B, Supply Chain, Finance
More generally: Knowledge Integration and Business Process Automation; Business Rules, Intelligent Agents, Business Intelligence, Knowledge-based E-Markets
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Project on Rules Knowledge Representation Technologies, especially for Semantic Web Services ("RulesKR")
This project is to create and study fundamental technologies for rules knowledge representation, for infrastructural use in Semantic Web Services. It includes fundamental reasoning theory (including extensions to logic programs), technology design (e.g., architecture, algorithms) and prototypes, and standards proposals (including RuleML). The initial prototype is called SweetRules). ("Sweet" stands for "Semantic WEb Enabling Technologies".) In addition, there is a close dialectic with exploring applications scenarios (drawn from our project on business implications), and strategies.
This project is concerned largely with communication of rule-form beliefs (information), assimilation of such beliefs from multiple sources, reasoning about the scope and degree of trust of those sources, handling of conflicts between those sources, and inter-operable executability of inferencing with those beliefs via knowledge-based and database systems. The sources might be agents, applications, or databases, for example. The focus is especially on information about business rules or policies, including in e-contracts. The technical approach is based on declarative logic programs.
Topics include:
rules inter-operability and translation among heterogeneous rule systems, especially currently commercially important (CCI) families of rule systems including:
relational database systems (SQL)
event-condition-action (ECA) rule systems
production rule systems (whose ancestors include OPS5, CLIPS, Jess)
Prolog
rules standardization, especially about RuleML and its relationship to other emerging Web standards including OWL from W3C WebOnt (Semantic Web-Ontologies) Working Group. I co-lead the RuleML standards effort.
rules expressiveness: (which involves plenty of theory, e.g., about non-monotonic reasoning or computational complexity)
prioritized conflict handling, merging, updating ("courteous logic programs")
procedural attachments, linkages to general business processes and procedural code ("situated courteous logic programs")
use of description logic ontologies cf. W3C's OWL ("description logic programs")
use-of / integration-with other general-purpose W3C Web standards, e.g., RDF, URI, and perhaps XInclude.
rules inferencing, including triggered actions, both forward-direction (data-driven or event-driven) and backward-direction (query-answering).
merging, assimilation, and updating: of rules knowledge from multiple sources. I.e., automated learning by "talking" as well as from data mining.
rule-based semantic web services, including architectural and application roles of rules in semantic web services
overall, knowledge integration. (NB: sometimes a.k.a. "intelligent information integration".)
To achieve practical e-commerce applications, often one must also strive in the rules KR design to enable:
software engineering "-ilities", e.g., embeddability, modularity, scaleability, integration architectures
knowledge representation and inferencing about probabilities
SWEET: SWEET ("Semantic WEb Enabling Technology") is an overall set of tools I (with collaborators) am developing. It includes SweetRules (supporting Situated Courteous Logic Programs in RuleML) and SweetDeal (supporting e-contracting; see below). Prototypes of SweetRules and SweetDeal have been running since late 2001. SweetJess (which supports Jess) is a more recently added component of SweetRules. SweetOnto (supporting OWL ontologies via Description Logic Programs) and SweetFront (a front end environment for human interaction including authoring and testing) are currently under development. For more about Sweet, see the description of the software.
DAML: This project is receiving significant funding support from the DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) Program, whose overall purpose is to develop techniques for high-level communication between agents in XML. I am Principal Investigator (PI) at MIT for this DAML grant award. SWSI grew in part out of the DAML program.
I co-lead (with Mike Dean) the DAML Rules effort and the Joint Committee Rules effort, which are closely related to RuleML.
Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the Web, and head of the World Wide Web Consortium, is PI at MIT of another DAML grant project about the Semantic Web. I work with Tim and the MIT LCS / W3C team he leads, as well as with several other researchers outside of MIT, on DAML and the Semantic Web.
You can see my recent papers and talks for more about the RulesKR project. See also SWSI especially its SWSL language effort which includes rules.
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Project on Business Implications of Semantic Web Services, including Applications and Strategy ("Biz+SWS")
This project is to create and study the business implications of Semantic Web Services (SWS). It includes applications design and scenarios, analysis of business value, strategy, and theory. The applications largely focus on using rules for e-contracting, web services, and financial knowledge integration.
SWS offers the promise of dramatically increasing the degree of automation (and lowering costs) in machine-to-machine/application-to-application communications and business processes, as compared to the first generation of the Web which is primarily oriented towards human-to-machine/human-to-application interactions.
The fundamental rules technologies in our RulesKR project above are motivated by SWS e-commerce applications and strategies, e.g., for e-contracting and finance, and are developed in tandem with them. Developing the fundamental technologies in tandem with the applications provides bi-directional feedback. This helps focus both sides. The e-contracting prototype is called SweetDeal (more about that below).
Topics include:
e-contracting (e.g., in our SweetDeal approach):
representing deal descriptions (offerings, bids), and particularly their contingent provisions (e.g., handling late deliveries, refunds, or payment problems)
descriptions of goods (products or services) and their pricing
negotiating proposed deals, to create contracts
generating proposals; inferencing about proposals to evaluate them; modifying proposals; auctions
matchmaking of business partners, in the discovery phase of contracting; sourcing; targeted advertising
executing, and monitoring, the performance of contracts
exploiting business process descriptions
particularly, deals about Web Services and e-services
focus on the "deal layer" of web services (or e-services), i.e., what the service does, at what price, why one would want to purchase it, what guarantees are offered, and what are the terms & conditions of the deal -- as opposed to the lower "mechanics layers" for how to invoke or register a web services (e.g., WSDL) which have been to date the main focus of industry standardization efforts
integration of financial information/knowledge from multiple sources (e.g., in our ECOIN approach)
risk management in e-contracting and finance
business policies, more generally, e.g., in:
pricing
customer relationship management (CRM) including customer service, promotions, targeting
trust/authorization, e.g., for security
privacy, e.g., in the W3C P3P standards effort
e-markets composed of knowledge-based applications ("agents")
virtual organizations via highly automated outsourcing of services
applications and strategy, more generally
early adopter industries and players
business value
sequencing of adoption and development; accelerants and catalysts
standards; role of open source and freeware
Semantic Web Services Initiative (SWSI) (pronounced "swizzie") coordinates and performs SWS research and early standards activities.
I have been active as a member of SWSI since its inception (late 2002) including in its SWS Language Committee (SWSL) (pronounced "swizzle").
I (with John Davies and Michael Uschold) co-chair SWSI's Industrial Advisory Board and industrial partners program (in formation).
The Center for eBusiness @ MIT: This project is receiving significant funding support from the Center for eBusiness @ MIT, a very large research center with dozens of company sponsors.
SweetDeal: The e-contracting applications design, prototype, and scenarios, including for deals about e-services/web-services, are together called "SweetDeal". ("Sweet" stands for "Semantic WEb Enabling Technology".)
Extended COntext INterchange (ECOIN) is an approach to information integration involving mapping between different contexts of information usage or information supply. Those different contexts utilize different ontologies. Knowledge-based techniques for mapping between these heterogeneous ontological contexts then can create considerable value in financial applications.
You can see my recent papers and talks for more about the Biz+SWS project; there are (currently) three papers about e-contracting / SweetDeal, and two about financial knowledge integration / ECOIN. See also SWSI, especially its application scenario and industrial partnership aspects.
History: This Biz+SWS project grows in part out of my previous work at IBM Research during 1994-2000, which was on:
Business rules for e-commerce. This resulted in IBM CommonRules which pioneered rules inter-operability and conflict handling, using the technical approach based largely on declarative logic programs in Java and XML which has been continued in SWEET and RuleML. An earlier version of this technology was IBM Agent Building Environment which was piloted in applications for personalized information workflow.
Intelligent agents and e-commerce/supply-chain applications that use business rules. This included being a Principal Investigator for a $29 Million industry-government consortium project called EECOMS (half-funded by NIST) during 1998-2000 on supply chain collaboration in agile manufacturing which used CommonRules and courteous logic programs in XML for application scenarios in e-contracting (procurement, supply chain, negotiation, exception management). Other applications included in catalogs & storefronts, security/authorization/trust, and personalization.
You can see my (old) IBM project page there. The IBM CommonRules project continues under the leadership of Hoi Chan.
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Intro and Primer: Semantic Web, Web Services, E-Commerce, Semantic Web Services
My research overall is concerned with the design and management of how automated enterprises and intelligent agents will soon communicate at a high level of shared understanding ("semantics") with each other over the Web in e-commerce (esp. B2B). Two important technical aspects of this are (1.) XML and (2.) techniques for knowledge representation and inferencing, especially for rules and ontologies.
An "ontology" is a formally specified set of vocabulary definitions. A "rule" is an if-then implication. Rules mention relations and other logical constants, and thus can rely on ontological definitions of those. "Knowledge representation" (KR) means what form of knowledge can be expressed, including both syntactic encoding and underlying semantics of meaning. This semantics is defined in terms of what conclusions are sanctioned from a given set of premises (e.g., rules or ontological definitions) in a particular chosen KR. The semantic aspect of KR is important to enable an agent/application to anticipate what another agent/application will believe/draw from a given set of communicated statements (i.e., exchanged information/knowledge).
My work is thus closely related to several aspects of the Semantic Web, an overall concept for the next generation of the Web, in which the Web becomes a repository of information that is automatically readable by programs in a way that has substantial semantics (i.e., becomes "agent-enabled"), rather than only human-readable/understandable as in the first generation of the Web. For more about the Semantic Web, you can see the W3C Semantic Web Activity and a Semantic Web community portal.
Within the Semantic Web overall, I am especially focusing on
rules knowledge representation: fundamental reasoning theory (including extensions to logic programs), technology (including SweetRules), and standards (including RuleML which I co-chair); and
business applications and strategy, e.g., e-contracting (including SweetDeal), intelligent knowledge integration (including ECOIN for finance), business policies (including authorization), and (more generally) business intelligence.
Another emerging concept is Web Services -- the delivery of electronic services using Web protocols. These services might be provided by invoking almost any kind of program, so this is an extremely broad concept. Part of my work is concerned with infrastructural services for the Semantic Web, e.g., for relatively broad-purpose knowledge translation and inferencing. Another part of my work is concerned with application-specific services that make use of the Semantic Web, e.g., services for e-contracting or financial knowledge integration. For more about Web Services, you can see the W3C Web Services activity and the Web Services Interoperability (WS-I) organization.
"Semantic Web Services" (SWS) is the convergence of Web Services and Semantic Web. SWS is the next major generation of the Web, in which e-services and business communication become more knowledge-based and agent-based. SWS includes both the infrastructural and the application-specific services I described above. It can be parsed as "{Semantic Web} Services" or as "Semantic {Web Services}". To date, Semantic Web and Web Services have been largely decoupled in industry standards and development efforts. However, since mid-2002, a research community with aspiration towards standards has formed around SWS, especially in the US and Europe. For overviews of Semantic Web Services, see my recent seminar talks that mention that in their title, including a brief up-to-date overview in "Directions in Semantic Web Services" and longer overview in "Semantic Web Rules for Web Services". You can see a quickie list of Web resources about SWS, the Resources pages at SWSI, and the recent Panel on SWS at the WWW-20003 Conference.
Semantic Web Services Initiative (SWSI) (pronounced "swizzie") coordinates and performs SWS research and early standards activities.
I have been active as a member of SWSI since its inception (late 2002) including in its SWS Language Committee (SWSL) (pronounced "swizzle").
I (with John Davies and Michael Uschold) co-chair SWSI's Industrial Advisory Board and industrial partners program (in formation).
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XML Rules -- Standards; RuleML:
I am Co-Founder and Co-Chair of RuleML, an early-phase standards effort on a markup language for rules in XML, and more generally for Rules as part of the Semantic Web. The goal of this RuleML Initiative is eventual adoption as a Web standard, e.g., via the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Research aspect: Along the way there are a number of interesting new research issues. Quite a bit of new theory and design work is required to support highly-expressive inferencing and interoperability in RuleML. Most of my recent publications and talks (since early 2001) are in part about extending or applying RuleML. Also, RuleML largely grows out of Business Rules Markup Language (BRML) which I developed in my previous work at IBM Research and which is implemented in IBM CommonRules.
Scientific Workshop annually on RuleML-related research topics: RuleML-2003, the second annual Workshop on Rules and Rule Markup Languages for the Semantic Web held in conjunction with the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC), is upcoming in Oct. 2003. A third Workshop in the series is being planned for 2004.
The RuleML Initiative: The RuleML Initiative began in fall 2000, and released a first public version of XML DTD's for several rule flavors in January 2001. My co-founder/co-chairs are Harold Boley and Said Tabet. There are now several dozen participating institutions in the RuleML Initiative (a mix of industry and academe), and over a dozen prototype RuleML tools already available (supporting rule translation, inferencing, or authoring). Weekly group telecons and emails discuss technical as well as organizational issues.
Website(s): The main RuleML website is in process of being radically redesigned. Also, at any given time, partly due to lags in updating, there is also very salient stuff HERE about RuleML NOT on that site. E.g., see my recent papers and talks.
Rapid Growth in Influence: RuleML has grown rapidly in influence since its inception. Notable events since spring 2002 include that:
The DAML program has been (as of approx. Aug. 2002) using RuleML as its main starting point/focus for the DAML Rules effort (which I co-chair with Mike Dean), motivated also by having identified a requirement to use/support rules in the DAML-Services effort and its successor SWSI.
In particular, Rules have been (as of approx. Aug. 2002) the main focus of the Joint US/EU ad hoc Agent Markup Language Committee (usually called simply the "Joint Committee") which produced DAML+OIL, upon which the W3C OWL web ontology language is closely based. RuleML is the main starting point/focus for the Joint Committee's Rules effort, which I co-lead along with Mike Dean. The Joint Committee's email archive is a good place to find recent technical discussions on RuleML. (A RuleML email archive for organizational discussions is in process of being set up, as well.)
Tim Berners-Lee has disseminated (as of approx. Apr. 2002) an updated Semantic Web stack diagram (in png; or get pdf version). That proposes to include Rules as "on deck" (i.e., next) after Ontologies as an area for standardization within the Semantic Web. The W3C Semantic Web Activity's charter includes rules as an important area to standardize soon.
A Google search on "RuleML" yields 2000+ hits (as of approx. May 2003).
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Group Contexts:
Sloan IT and associated Research Centers: My closer colleagues in the Sloan Information Technology (IT) group include faculty Erik Brynjolfsson, Chris Dellarocas, Stuart Madnick, Tom Malone, Wanda Orlikowski, Jack Rockart (mostly retired), and Peter Weill, and principal research scientists Mark Klein and Michael Siegel. An IT group web page (in need of updating) is available.
Center for eBusiness@MIT: I am part of a research center with which several of these colleagues are also affiliated: the http://ebusiness.mit.edu/ (CeB). Formally, CeB sponsors my research project on Business Implications of Semantic Web Services, through its Vision Fund. CeB is a very large and vigorous center with dozens of company sponsors. It is centered at Sloan, involves many faculty outside of IT, and includes non-Sloan MIT faculty as well.
Two other research centers, and a large research project, closely associated with the IT group, in which I participate as yet informally, are: the Center for Coordination Science (CCS), the Center for Information Systems Research (CISR), and the Context Interchange (COIN) Project.
I co-direct, along with Mark Klein and Chris Dellarocas, the MIT Robust Open Multi-Agent Systems (ROMA) Research Group, a loosely affiliated group of researchers at Sloan and elsewhere at MIT.
DAML; Tim Berners-Lee, W3C, and MIT Lab for Computer Science: I interact extensively with other researchers in the DAML Program, including the MIT / W3C team led by Tim Berners-Lee.
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Papers, Invited Talks, Software, etc.
Preface Notes:
You can see stuff organized by topic categories, or organized chronologically.
"Recent" here means since approximately summer 1999; "Earlier" means before then.
"Type" here means type/kind of document, e.g., paper vs. invited talk vs. software vs. patent vs. media interview vs. ..., etc.
*Categorized by Topic:
Recent Papers categorized by topic. These usually include talk slides too.
Earlier Selected Papers categorized by topic.
Recent Invited Talks categorized by topic.
Recent Software.
Recent of Other Types: workshops chaired, conference panels, dissertations/theses supervised, conference tutorials, media interviews.
*Chronologically organized:
Recent: chronologically within type.
Earlier: chronologically (but with types mixed).
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Recent Papers Categorized by Topic: Refereed Publications and Working Papers, since about Sept. 1999 (organized chronologically within each topic category)
Preface Notes:
There is some overlap between the categories.
Each entry usually includes talk slides -- that is left tacit.
Each entry also often includes an extended/revised working paper version and/or earlier versions -- that is made explicit.
*Business Implications of Semantic Web Services: applications in e-commerce of semantic web rules and ontologies, including e-contracting, financial information integration, security authorization / trust management, business process automation, and other business policies:
*E-Contracting (using rules and ontologies):
"SweetDeal: Representing Agent Contracts With Exceptions using Semantic Web Rules, Ontologies, and Process Descriptions", to appear.
"Automated Negotiation from Declarative Contract Descriptions", 2002.
"A Declarative Approach to Business Rules in Contracts: Courteous Logic Programs in XML", 1999.
*Financial Information Integration (using ontologies and rules):
"Financial Information Integration in the Presence of Equational Ontological Conflicts", 2002.
"Knowledge Integration to Overcome Ontological Heterogeneity: Challenges from Financial Information Systems", 2002.
See also: PhD thesis by my student A. Firat, "Information Integration using Contextual Knowledge and Ontology Merging", 2003.
*Business Process Knowledge for Semantic Web Services (using ontologies and rules):
"Beyond Monotonic Inheritance: Towards Semantic Web Process Ontologies", 2003.
"SweetDeal: Representing Agent Contracts With Exceptions using Semantic Web Rules, Ontologies, and Process Descriptions", to appear.
*Trust Management / Security Authorization (using rules):
"Delegation Logic: A Logic-based Approach to Distributed Authorization", 2003.
*Travel Packages (using e-contracts, rules, and Semantic Web Services):
"Automated Negotiation from Declarative Contract Descriptions", 2002.
See also: PhD thesis by my student A. Firat, "Information Integration using Contextual Knowledge and Ontology Merging", 2003.
See also: M.S. Thesis by my student Y. Kabbaj: "Strategic and Policy Prospects for Semantic Web Services Adoption in the U.S. Online Travel Industry", 2003.
*Rules and Ontologies knowledge representation for the Semantic Web and Semantic Web Services: Situated and Courteous Logic Programs, Description Logic Programs, RuleML, SWRL, and rule system Interoperability: (with motivating examples usually from e-commerce policies and processes)
"SweetDeal: Representing Agent Contracts With Exceptions using Semantic Web Rules, Ontologies, and Process Descriptions", International Journal of Electronic Commerce, to appear. (Earlier conference versions too.)
"Representing E-Commerce Rules Via Situated Courteous Logic Programs in RuleML", to appear.
"SWRL: A Semantic Web Rules Language Combining OWL and RuleML", 2003.
"Description Logic Programs: Combining Logic Programs with Description Logic", 2003.
SweetJess: Inferencing in Situated Courteous RuleML via Translation to and from Jess Rules", 2003.
"Delegation Logic: A Logic-based Approach to Distributed Authorization", 2003.
"A Declarative Approach to Business Rules in Contracts: Courteous Logic Programs in XML", 1999.
See also, in Selected Earlier Papers Categorized by Topic (from 1995-1999):
Courteous Logic Programs (earlier)
Examples of business rules in Courteous LP (earlier)
Situated Logic Programs (earlier)
XML Agent Communication (earlier)
*Rules knowledge representation: Combining Logic Programs with Workflow pre- and post-conditions:
"Combining Different Business Rules Technologies: A Rationalization", 2000.
*E-Commerce -- other -- using AI / Knowledge-Based agents:
"Proceedings of the AAAI-2000 Workshop on Knowledge-Based Electronic Markets". Co-editor.
"Proceedings of the AAAI-99 Workshop on AI for Electronic Commerce". Co-editor.
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Recent Invited Talks Categorized by Topic: since July 2000 (selected; organized chronologically within each topic category; categories overlap somewhat)
Semantic Web Services and Rules:
"Combining Semantic Web Rules with Ontologies: New KR Theory and Tools", Workshop on Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reasoning (PPSWR04) (2004-09-08).
Slightly expanded version of just the portion of the above on hypermonotonic reasoning: "Hypermonotonic Reasoning: Unifying Nonmonotonic Logic Programs with First Order Logic" (2004-10-19).
"Semantic Web Services, Rules, and E-Contracting", Harvard Information Technology & Management Seminar (2003-10-03)
"Directions in Semantic Web Services", MIT Center for IS Research (2003-05-05)
"Rules + Ontologies for Semantic Web Services", U. Maryland (2002-12-06)
"Semantic Web Rules for Web Services", MIT Center for eBusiness (2002-11-20)
RuleML and DAML Rules:
"Combining Semantic Web Rules with Ontologies: New KR Theory and Tools", Workshop on Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reasoning (PPSWR04) (2004-09-08)
"DAML Rules Update and Issues", DAML PI Meeting (2003-04-10)
"Introduction to RuleML", Joint Committee on Agent Markup Languages (2002-10-29)
"Rules and DAML", DAML PI Meeting (2002-10-17)
"RuleML Status and Plans -- Overview", ISWC-2002 Rules Workshop (2002-06-14)
"Standardizing XML Rules: Rules for E-Business on the Semantic Web", IJCAI-01 Workshop on E-business and the Intelligent Web (2001-08-05)
"Rules for the Semantic Web", W3C Team Meeting (2001-03-29)
"Overview of RuleML", W3C Plenary (2001-02-26)
E-Contracting:
"Semantic Web Services, Rules, and E-Contracting", Harvard Information Technology & Management Seminar (2003-10-03)
"What's My Deal?: Contract Communications in XML Agent Marketplaces", MIT Center for eBusiness (2002-04-19)
"Automated Contracting Among XML Agents", American Bar Association (2002-04-05)
"Automating Law in the Small: Contracts, Regulations, and Prioritized Argumentation", Intl. Conference on AI and Law (2001-05-24)
"Rule-based Technology for Automating Contracting by Agents", American Bar Association (2001-03-24)
"Contracts, Policies, and Prioritized Rules in XML Agent Communication", FIPA Meeting (2000-07-19)
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Selected Earlier Papers Categorized by Topic: Refereed Publications and Research Reports (1995-1999)
*Courteous Logic Programs (Earlier):
"Compiling Prioritized Default Rules Into Ordinary Logic Programs", 1999. And ... "A Courteous Compiler from Generalized Courteous Logic Programs To Ordinary Logic Programs", extension of the above, 1999.
"Courteous Logic Programs: Prioritized Conflict Handling for Rules", 1997.
*Examples and demos of business rules using Courteous LP for e-commerce (Earlier):
"DIPLOMAT: Compiling Prioritized Default Rules Into Ordinary Logic Programs, for Electronic Commerce Applications (Extended Abstract of Intelligent Systems Demonstration)", 1999.
Examples in the IBM CommonRules download.
*Situated Logic Programs (Earlier):
"Building Commercial Agents: An IBM Research Perspective", 1997.
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blog名称:World Wide Web Watch
日志总数:193
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建立时间:2004年10月30日
日志总数:193
评论数量:665
留言数量:75
访问次数:6107960
建立时间:2004年10月30日
