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blog名称:David
日志总数:8
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建立时间:2005年6月26日 |
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The Cone of Experience
文章收藏, 网上资源, 科学研究, 外语
David 发表于 2005/6/28 6:25:18 |
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The Cone of Experience
Years ago an educator named Edgar Dale, often cited as the father of modern media in education, developed from his experience in teaching and his observations of learners the "cone of experience" (see Figure 1). The cone's utility in selecting instructional resources and activities is as practical today as when Dale created it.
500)this.width=500'>Figure 1. Dale's Cone of Experience
For our purposes at this time, we don't need to examine the cone and its several levels in depth; but as you review it, be aware of several principles and definitions:
1.
The cone is based on the relationships of various educational experiences to reality (real life), and the bottom level of the cone, "direct purposeful experiences," represents reality or the closest things to real, everyday life. (Think about somebody's experiences in an apprenticeship or internship.)
2.
The opportunity for a learner to use a variety or several senses (sight, smell, hearing, touching, movement) is considered in the cone. Direct experience allows us to use all senses. Verbal symbols involve only hearing. As you move up the cone, fewer senses are involved at each level. Perceptual learning styles are sensory based. The more sensory channels possible in interacting with a resource, the better the chance that many students can learn from it.
3.
Each level of the cone above its base moves a learner a step further away from real- life experiences, so experiences focusing only on the use of verbal symbols are the furthest removed from real life. (Think about a student reading material without any pictures or other visuals or a student listening to a lecture that is nothing but words.)
4.
Motion pictures (also television) is where it is on the cone because it is an observational experience with little or no opportunity to participate or use senses other than seeing and hearing. The experiences below this one provide opportunity for the learner to enter into the experience in more ways, using more senses.
5.
Contrived experiences are ones that are highly participatory and simulate real life situations or activities.
6.
Dramatized experiences are defined as experiences in which the learner acts out a role or activity.
from:http://web.utk.edu/~mccay/apdm/selusing/selusing_d.htm |
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